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As cell differentiation along multiple different lineages occurs in the context of EBs, it is not clear at present whether the effect of CTX on cell proliferation was limited to undifferentiated or differentiating ES cells or was realized in both cell types.
Using surface markers, a small population of highly tumorigenic breast cancer initiating cells (CICs) has been prospectively identified, which exhibits a cancer stem cell phenotype, thus being able to self-renew and to give rise to progeny of multiple different lineages of differentiated cells [ 8].
The recent S. Agona population genomics analysis estimated a much lower substitution rate of 5.7 × 10-8-1.3 × 10-7 site-1 year-1, however this analysis included multiple different lineages and displayed substantial variation in substitution rates across the phylogeny, hence it is not directly comparable [ 50].
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In our analysis, we focused on gene duplication events that occurred along multiple different evolutionary lineages, allowing for both retroposed and DNA-based duplications.
Using these technologies, spatially defined gradients of immobilized biomolecules can be engineered to direct stem cell differentiation into multiple subpopulations of different lineages.
One explanation is that domain combinations are relatively easy to reinvent from existing domains multiple times in different lineages during evolution.
Ideally for GWASs, these genes should be acquired multiple times by different lineages.
Hence, microchromosomes may have evolved independently multiple times in different lineages.
These corresponded to hotspots that endured multiple integrations/deletions in different lineages.
Many groups of prokaryotes currently inhabit terrestrial environments, indicating that land has been colonized multiple times in different lineages.
Alternatively, the multiple sequences in different lineages may have independent parallel origins, as was suggested when fewer sequences were available [ 29].
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