We may have also underestimated transitions to troglomorphy because clades of exclusively troglomorphic taxa (e.g., Cyptobunus, Cave of the Winds plus Mallory) could represent instances of multiple independent derivations.
Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that pelvic fins were lost independently in Erpetoichthys, and unambiguously estimate multiple independent derivations of body elongation and shortening.
For example, there exist multiple independent derivations of body elongation in modern Actinopterygian fish [e.g., [ 20- 23]], amphibians [e.g., [ 24]], squamate reptiles [e.g., [ 25- 27]], and numerous extinct tetrapod lineages [e.g., [ 28, 29]].
Under this perspective, a complex demographic model, incorporating multiple independent derivations of domesticated populations from wild boar followed by inbreeding and recent admixture among them, is likely needed to account for the observed low haplotype diversity [ 7, 17, 32].
We summarize various strategies for performing multiple imputation in derivation and validation datasets in Table 7.
Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, clone contig assembly, sequence annotation and repeat analyses, we have examined sequence from a conserved EB that has been reused multiple times in the derivation of divergent species karyotypes within the marsupial lineage (EB: Meu1q).
Modular product platforms (MPP) enable the derivation of multiple product variants while realizing beneficial effects like economies of scale.
The reproducibility was proven by derivation of multiple hES-MP cell lines from 10 different hES cell lines.
The derivation of multiple geography conversion tables for public use is specified from the UK-wide 'All-Fields Postcode Directory' (AFPD).
This calculus is extended by embedding rigid-property derivation for multiple knowledge bases, each of which can transfer rigid-property information from other knowledge bases.
