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The postcode of each patient was used to assign a deprivation status on a 10 point scale, which was then converted to fifths for analysis (1=most affluent to 5=most deprived) based on the Scottish index of multiple deprivation, which uses 37 indicators of poverty across seven domains (current income, employment, health, education, housing, geographical access, and crime).
To partly control for the fact that minorities tend to locate in more deprived areas, the models include the average of the Index of Multiple Deprivation, which is provided by ONS for 2010.
The indices of multiple deprivation, which is how the government measures poverty across England, has 32,482 records.
We wanted to know what would happen if we overlayed those addresses with the poverty indicators mapped by England's Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which cover very small areas.
The NUS Scotland statistics were calculated using the Scottish index of multiple deprivation, which measures many types of poverty including income, health, employment and educational outcomes, by tracking those students who came from the country's 20% most deprived areas.
A Liverpool University urban planning lecturer, Alex Singleton, analysed the Guardian's preliminary data by overlaying the addresses of defendants with the poverty indicators mapped by England's Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which breaks the country into small geographical areas.
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As we did not have access to individuals' addresses, we assessed deprivation using an ecological measure, the Index of Multiple Deprivations, which gives a deprivation score based on a variety of deprivation indicators (Office of National Statistics, 2011).
We wanted to know what would happen if we overlaid those addresses with the poverty indicators mapped by England's Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which map poverty in very small areas across the country.
Demographic details were also obtained from participants; their postcode was used to calculate the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which is a deprivation score for small areas in England based on a combination of a number of domains encompassing economic, social and housing factors, and enables ranking of areas according to their specific level of deprivation [30].
We assessed the level of social deprivation by using the index of multiple deprivation 2007, which is based on UK postcodes.
Deprivation was measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) which is a composite score that is linked to postal address codes.
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