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Genetic alterations can occur in multiple cycle enzymes; however, their mechanisms of action in tumorigenesis differ.
Recent findings show that multiple cycle enzymes are either mutated or deregulated in a broad spectrum of cancer, resulting in characteristic metabolic and epigenetic changes that are correlated with disease transformation and progression.
Multiple cycle enzymes, including aconitase (also known as aconitate hydratase, AH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), FH, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and KGDHC, are frequently mutated or deregulated in human cancers (Eng et al., 2003; Juang, 2004; Yan et al., 2009).
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Alterations to leaf anatomy as well as cell-specificity and increased abundance of multiple C4 cycle enzymes were predicted to evolve prior to any alteration to the primary C3 and C4 photosynthetic enzymes RuBisCO and phospho enolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC).
Due to the intrinsic complex structure of some TCA cycle enzymes consisting of multiple subunits (e.g., OGDH complex, succinyl-CoA ligase, and SDH), we analyzed each enzyme of the cycle individually by creating their respective phylogenetic trees attempting to infer the evolutionary history on an enzyme-by-enzyme basis.
Multiple types of cancer are marked by drastic changes to TCA cycle enzymes, which result in characteristic metabolic and epigenetic changes that are correlated with disease transformation and progression.
For example, the upregulation of retinoids and chaperones observed in regenerating urodele limbs [ 51- 53] matches a similar upregulation of DHRS4 and multiple chaperones in our study, as does the downregulation of citric acid cycle enzymes observed by Schmidt [ 54].
Two additional Calvin cycle enzymes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) were also represented by multiple features on the array and displayed the predicted B-enriched patterns of expression.
Beyond mutations detected for cycle enzymes, several studies have demonstrated that other cycle enzymes, CS, AH, and KGDHC, are deregulated in cancer.
Aconitase and fumarate hydratase are Krebs cycle enzymes.
Moreover, TCA cycle enzymes were less abundant.
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