We have demonstrated massive convergent shifts in the SP1 regulatory system in birds and eutherian mammals, including global cis-regulatory conversions across hundreds of promoters and multiple convergent replacements in paralogs SP3 and SP4.
Ancestral state reconstructions of six common diagnostic characters and statistical evaluation of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses also partially rejected the current morphology-based classification and suggested multiple convergent evolution (both gain and loss) of some traits, after a period of rapid cladogenesis, rendering several subgroups paraphyletic.
Yet our hypothesis, as others from molecular data, implies frequent molluscan shell and body transformations by heterochronic shifts in development and multiple convergent adaptations, leading to the variable shells and body plans in extant lineages.
Furthermore, it is likely that there are multiple convergent pathways leading to a PEx, and these events vary in their manifestations and potential outcomes.
Multiple convergent strands of evidence from animal models, clinical observations, and anatomical, imaging and electrophysiological studies have highlighted the importance of the cerebellum in dystonia.
This gene family is present in plants, yeasts, and arthropods, but has also been lost in nematodes [ 17], and for that reason, it did not pass our criterion in the parsing of groups of orthologous genes, since we required presence in all the 4 model species and did not consider multiple convergent losses.
Remarkable acoustic features such as Doppler shift compensation, whispering echolocation and nasal emission of sound each show multiple convergent origins in bats.
We have used multiple convergent methods, including making lean mice obese, by adding leptin systemically and by restoring LepR to the DMH of LepR-deficient mice.
These results suggest that there are multiple convergent pathways that can drive cells to a 2C state, although whether all of these factors are converging on the same pathway or act independently remains unclear.
It is therefore not surprising that there are multiple convergent anatomical structural solutions.
