The control effector is a magnetic force transducer that acts on the heat exchanger tube.
Krt76−/− effector T cells produced more IFNγ than control effector T cells in culture (cf. Figure 4d and Supplementary Fig. 2b).
Multiple controls are needed for that.
Obar, J. J. et al. Pathogen-induced inflammatory environment controls effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation.
More complex regulation of multiple CTD effectors simultaneously could thus, in theory, result in the sophisticated temporal control of CTD configuration.
As a result, multiple Ras effector pathways, which control fundamental biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and cell motility become constitutively activated and/or deregulated (Pollock et al, 2005).
Since FGF signaling can lead to the activation of multiple downstream effectors, each of which can participate in other signaling pathways, efforts to specifically control the FGF pathway have necessarily focused on the most upstream components.
Evo-devo studies established that because of optimal pleiotropy, the gain or loss of a trait will likely proceed by the co-option of a local regulator that responds to global cues and controls a battery of effector genes, rather than a major upstream regulator or multiple downstream effectors [ 10 13].
In common with all other studies of intestinal helminth immunity, multiple effectors under immunologic (TH2) control are probably operating during worm expulsion.
Inactivation of PTEN causes constitutively activated levels of AKT, thus promoting cell growth, proliferation, survival, and migration through multiple downstream effectors.
