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Unfortunately, for vectors with multiple conjugation sites, the quenching interactions between the dyes present on the same vector can influence the brightness of the tracer.
Scanning electron microscopy was used to ensure that the porous structures of the scaffolds were preserved throughout the multiple conjugation steps, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the reaction progress.
The standard procedure for determining Inc groups requires laborious hands-on work, multiple conjugation, transformation assays, or hybridization experiments (1 – 3 ).
Importantly, the alkoxy substituent presents an additional and unique attachment site, which can be readily deployed as modular tether for multiple conjugation chemistries without perturbing the fluorophore scaffold.
The investigation of the misincorporation phenomenon of AcF was triggered by an observation of multiple conjugation products in a reaction between rhFGF-21 pAcF and a poly ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer.
For example, in Caulobacter sp. K31 and as compared with other genomes by Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) chromosomal cassettes (Markowitz et al., 2012) multiple conjugation related proteins are found in the genome in tandem with COG5489.
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Upon further inspection, the Survivin stability assay suggested that ubiquitinated Survivin in the nucleus could lead to possible increase in sizes due to multiple conjugations of ubiquitin molecules.
Earlier, problems due to multiple conjugations were introduced, such as the presence of nontargeted particles, invisible particles without dye, or monovalent drugs without improved activity profiles.
Ubiquitin can be employed to modify proteins by either single or multiple ubiquitin conjugation to mark them for proteasomal destruction, endocytosis and binding to other proteins [3] [5].
Typically, due to availability of multiple potential conjugation sites on a single biomolecule, conventional liquid-phase bioconjugation procedures inevitably yield heterogeneous products with poorly controlled stoichiometry and require time-consuming laborious purification.
These silicon-containing arysilanes/carbazole hybrid hosts show high thermal stability, good film-forming property, high triplet energy, suitable frontier orbital energy level, and acceptable carrier mobility due to enhanced d-orbital participation in the multiple σ-π conjugation through direct N-Si and C-Si coupling.
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