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In a context of multiple colonization, this strongly suggests that vaccine serotypes have an increased fitness for colonization.
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Serotypes, which predominated in multiple colonization in this study, did not include serotypes covered by the seven-, ten- or thirteen-valent conjugated polysaccharide vaccines, and the prevalence of these rare serotypes increased in the vaccine era (Figure 3).
As the different Thaparocleidus lineages found in P. micronema are not closely related to each other, multiple colonization events are likely to have occurred within this host species.
Our findings demonstrated multiple colonization in 39% of the children (43.6% of colonized children), a high rate compared with most other studies [ 11, 22- 25].
However, patients colonized by C. albicans had higher CFU than patients colonized by non- albicans (p = 0.03) and multiple colonization was associated with higher CFU counts (p = 0.001).
To determine whether the three Lifou taxa are the result of a single or multiple colonization events, and to infer when the Loyalty islands were colonized by Zosterops, we constructed a dated phylogenetic tree of all species of Zosterops from the southwest Pacific region surrounding New Caledonia, including taxa that went extinct in historical times.
Multiple colonization events of M. rutilus into the region could also lead to this pattern of distinct haplotypes in the introgressants.
This is probably because their haplotype richness is the result of multiple colonization events and is not due to within island diversification.
Furthermore, the mammal fauna of southeastern Alaska has a nested structure with complex phylogeographic patterns suggesting multiple colonization events.
If this species does not form a monophyletic group with the rest of the lemurs, then multiple colonization events would have had to occur to explain the occurrence of lemurs on Madagascar.
Data about the epidemiology of multiple colonization are limited.
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