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Since then, multiple clones have been introduced, and more than 100 olive varieties are presently reported (Sweeney and Davies 1998).
However, this is complicated by the ability of the bispecific IgG4 antibody to undergo Fab-arm exchange (known to take place in vivo 12), which limits the potential to detect an oligoclonal response where multiple clones have comparable abundance.
The finding that there were five independent MRSA clones belonging to four genetic lineages indicates that multiple clones have independently acquired SCC mec, the mobile genetic element that carries the gene (mecA) responsible for methicillin resistance.
For semiquantification, multiple clones have to be sequenced and all CpGs within the sequence have to be analyzed after sequencing, making bisulfite-sequencing a time- and labor-consuming technique, not suited for fast-track diagnostic testing.
Standard ancient DNA methods that consist of amplification, followed by cloning and sequencing of multiple clones, have been used to obtain mitochondrial genomes from the bones of mammoths and other permafrost-embedded animals, where up to 400-500 base pair DNA fragments can be retrieved [ 1- 4].
In some geographic regions, a single clone of CA-MRSA dominates, e.g. the USA300 strain in the USA, whereas in other regions, multiple clones have been identified, e.g. there are more than 100 clones described in Australia (Chua et al. 2011).
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On the other hand, utility of analysis of secondary mutations is very challenging because imatinib-resistant GISTs are very heterogeneous with multiple clones having different secondary mutations within the same or different nodules [ 28- 30].
The truth is that since FMyLife has seen some success, there have been multiple clones that have popped up using a similar look and feel while slightly tweaking the concept.
The stocks that were used for infection of animals were not cloned, and these stabilate genotyping studies do, in fact, suggest that multiple clones could have been present in the initial sporozoite inoculum [ 32].
We posit that Alteromonas populations and actually most, if not all, prokaryotes live in complex consortia of multiple clones that have different gene complements, increasing the activities and environmental ranges in which the population can be successful [ 61, 62].
However, given the low frequency of off-target effects at any given locus, it is unlikely that multiple clones will have the same off-target effect, and so a study in which multiple wild-type clones show consistent phenotypic differences from multiple targeted clones would argue for those differences being due to the DNA variant of interest.
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