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Homotypic immunity lasts approximately 6 months and there are multiple circulating antigenic types.
The epidemiological picture in this densely populated SE-Asia seeding region is one of strong fluctuations of multiple circulating strains [32].
It is possible that with multiple circulating strains in an endemic area, many individuals could acquire two infections in a lifetime without ever experiencing severe dengue infection.
Biomarker signatures, composed of multiple circulating factors, may also have potential value as predictive biomarkers.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals impact levels of multiple circulating steroidal hormones because they are regulated through interrelated and complex biological pathways.
In this report, we analyzed multiple circulating biomarkers at baseline, cycle 2 day 1 (C2D1), and end of study (EOS) for each patient.
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In West and West Central Africa, multiple subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRF), and high proportions of unique recombinant forms (URF) are documented.
Currently, 24 serotypes of BTV have been identified worldwide, with most infected countries confronted with the challenge of dealing with multiple serotypes circulating in their ruminant populations [5].
The coexistence of multiple independently circulating strains in pathogen populations that undergo sexual recombination is a central question of epidemiology with profound implications for control.
Although it was not the objective of this study, our results suggest that Salmonella co-infections may be quite common in pig herds with multiple Salmonella circulating strains.
- It is important to recognize that these wtOMV vaccines were designed to target specific epidemic strains and hence not expected to be suitable for general use in most epidemiologic situations - where endemic disease is caused by multiple different circulating strains.
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