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Current oral maintenance glucocorticoid treatment, used for multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, delivers one large dose of a synthetic glucocorticoid with a prolonged biological half-life.
Although the exact mechanisms of immuno-regulation by HSP remain to be clarified, T cells specific for HSP were suggested to be involved in regulation of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diabetes and atherosclerosis [1] [4].
Dysregulated or excessive chemokine expression is a hallmark of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis.
Multiple chronic inflammatory diseases have been associated with cancer development including inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis and chronic Helicobacter pylori infection predisposing to colorectal, hepatocellular and gastric cancer respectively.
Extracellular HMGB1 has been identified as a proinflammatory mediator and, owing to its proinflammatory and immunostimulatory properties, has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [ 5- 8].
This is supported by elevation of catK levels after IL-1β stimulation in our in vitro studies and by reports by others in multiple chronic inflammatory conditions in vivo [ 7, 10, 39].
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These regions have been previously linked to a variety of human health conditions including multiple cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, auto-immune diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and developmental defects (Additional file 3: Figure S1).
Multiple Sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, involves an increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MCP1-/CCL2.
Moreover, aberrant T cell activation plays a key role in multiple autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, showing the therapeutic potential of WSX1 in other disease models.
Consequently, a growing number of reports indicate their crucial roles in a variety of diseases, among others renal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) [1].
Studies in patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy have shown a sodium channel opening effect, which is thought to be one of several potential mechanisms of action of this novel medication.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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