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The origin and function of multiple replicons in bacteria is just beginning to be studied; however, studying these organisms may give insight into the origin of multiple chromosomes in higher organisms.
This variation is particularly evident in bacterial genomes with multiple chromosomes, in which smaller, secondary chromosomes evolve more rapidly.
There are also possible advantages of multiple chromosomes in a karyotype in terms of generating variation, the driver of natural selection.
However, both of these ESTs detected matching sequences on multiple chromosomes in addition to those on the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes.
For example, Kohn et al. [ 32] mapped orthologues of 300 human X-chromosome genes to multiple chromosomes in Tetraodon nigroviridis (spotted pufferfish) and Danio rerio (zebrafish).
Constitutive heterochromatin is found at and around centromeres (centric and pericentric heterochromatin) and able to form clusters of multiple chromosomes in some species.
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Studying the impact of multiple chromosome in a dynamic system the future might also shed light on the question whether the proximity between chromosomes reversly might affect looping probabilty.
Apart from these differences and the fact that M. graminicola has up to eight dispensable chromosomes, a most striking aspect is that the widespread CNPs - involving multiple chromosomes - in M. graminicola do not hamper sexual reproduction.
Among eukaryotes that possess mitochondrial genomes, there is a remarkable diversity of genome structure ranging from single circular chromosomes to extremely complex arrangements with multiple chromosomes found in organisms like Amoebidium parasiticum [ 3].
Using array CGH, a variety of CNAs, including gains, losses and high level amplifications on multiple chromosomes were identified in MCF7 cell lines [ 31].
It also screened all scaffolds for an excess of heterozygous SNP that could be indicative of CNV or multiple chromosomes being represented in the sample.
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