Conclusion Opium users have an increased risk of death from multiple causes compared with non-users.
The fact that schizophrenia has multiple causes each with distinct biological mechanisms means that attempting to find a single biomarker or group of biomarkers that would coincide with all cases of DSM-defined schizophrenia is unlikely.
While these numbers are not skyrocketing, one should not forget that behind the statistics are individual women with complex backgrounds and often with multiple causes for their involvement with drugs.
Nor are American offers of military assistance to deal with a problem with multiple causes, including terrain, the government's neglect of the Bedouin tribes that roam through the sparsely populated area and the treaty with Israel limiting military personnel and firepower.
"At this point in the research, Alzheimer's is a disease with multiple causes," Dr. Knowles said.
Once considered an inevitable part of aging, falls are now recognized as complex, often preventable events with multiple causes and consequences, calling for a wide range of interventions, both psychological and physiological, that many patients never receive.
In Malawi and Zambia, for instance, there is talk of importing cheap, generic anti-retroviral drugs from India to fight the AIDS epidemic.All famines are complicated affairs, with multiple causes.
In her personal documentary film, "Divan," Pearl Gluck, a bright, spunky rebel with multiple causes, has made what may be the first movie to evoke in equal measure the attraction of the highly circumscribed, ritualized world of Hasidic Judaisim and the equally compelling reasons she abandoned it.
We know it's several different types with multiple causes and progressions; that the harms of screening mammograms are greater, and benefits smaller, than once believed; that fewer radiation treatments can do the same job as more; that high-dose chemotherapy does more harm than good.
