Bacterial causative agents for coral diseases have been identified in previous studies [11] [12], [55] [60], including specific virulence mechanisms that enable coral colonization and disease progression [61] [62], however, this study is the first to investigate the clinical effect of a virulence factor derived from multiple causative agents and applied to multiple targets.
There are multiple causative agents of ARIs, with the most frequent being those of viral origin.
In hematogenous spondylodiscitis, Staphylococcus aureus is most commonly identified (apart from tuberculosis which is the leading cause worldwide), but multiple other pathogens may also be causative agents.
EvoPrinter analysis reveals that the human MRSA252 strain uniquely shares multiple DNA sequence blocks with different causative agents of bovine mastitis, suggesting that HGT events may be occurring between these pathogens.
B. pertussis and some strains of B. parapertussis are the causative agents of whooping cough in humans, while B. bronchiseptica causes multiple respiratory syndromes and diseases in a wide variety of animal species, including dogs, pigs, cats, rabbits and rats.
In some cases the etiological agents are not specific to corals, but infect multiple and distinctive marine organisms [13], leading to difficulties in identify causative agents of the increasing number coral diseases that are described [14].
In domestic chickens, genomic sequences from multiple lines reveal the presence of selective sweeps leading to the discovery of causative agents in growth differences between domestic lines [ 8].
In Asia, multiple species of rickettsiea (e.g., R. japonica, R. heilongjiangensis, R. honei) are the causative agents of spotted fever rickettsioses, so the agent closely related to R. japonica could cause spotted fever in Thailand.
It was not a particular objective of this exercise to identify the minor causative agents known to be associated with HFMD and hence we did not include multiple cell lines as part of our virus isolation protocol.
For instance aspartame, heavy metals (including dental fillings), and allergies have all been debunked as causative agents.
Most causative agents of disease fall into the latter category.
