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This figure shows association test results for simulated data in a region of high LD containing multiple causal loci.
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First, it allows multiple potentially causal loci to be tested simultaneously for association.
One lesser-known aspect of complex traits is the extent of allelic heterogeneity (AH) arising from multiple causal variants at a locus.
We found multiple tSNPs spanning the entire length of the gene and several haplotypes to be associated with the traits of interest, suggesting there may be multiple causal variants across the WNK1 locus.
In a targeted analysis of NOD2, we also accounted for multiple causal variants in the genetic locus (Supplementary methods in Additional file 1).
Conditional haplotype based analyses are routinely used to evaluate for the presence of multiple independent association signals that could then indicate the presence of multiple causal variants within a given locus.
Multiple causal variants may also exist at each locus, including low-frequency variants with significantly larger cumulative effects on risk.
Thus, the number of known causal loci, genes and nucleotide polymorphisms is expanding.
The Faithfulness Condition implies that the causal influences of one variable on another along multiple causal routes does not 'cancel'cancel
First, the performance of SLAS largely depends on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between testing loci and potential causal loci.
SLAS may have low power if the LD between testing loci and potential causal loci is weak.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com