Attention is not only necessary for optimal memory encoding, but multiple brain structures involved in memory formation may be subject to attentional modulation, including the hippocampus itself (Muzzio et al., 2009).
In summary, the present study indicates that the novel MAO inhibitor/iron chelating drug, M30, acting against multiple brain targets could reverse age-associated memory impairment and provide a potential treatment against the progression of neurodegeneration in ageing.
Several epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation and genomic DNA methylation play important roles in regulating gene expression during memory formation in multiple brain regions and show modulation by many types of environmental interventions.
These findings suggest that an IA memory is enhanced/reconsolidated through the reactivation of memory circuits consisting of multiple brain regions including the amygdala, hippocampus, and mPFC and that the amygdala plays central and distinct roles from the hippocampus and mPFC in the enhancement/reconsolidation of IA memory.
Instead, memory and learning are organized in multiple brain systems.
Our findings indicate that reconsolidation functions to strengthen the original memory and show the dynamic nature of reactivated memory through protein degradation and gene expression in multiple brain regions.
dlPFC mainly lies in the middle frontal gyrus, and it is connected to multiple brain regions, thalamus, basal ganglia and hippocampus, and its function included working memory [27], cognitive flexibility [28], planning [29] and emotion [30].
Changes in the oscillatory activity of the hippocampus, a brain structure important for memory function, occur as it processes information it receives from multiple brain regions (Buzsáki and Draguhn, 2004; Cannon et al., 2014; Colgin et al., 2009; Schomburg, et al., 2014; Lee et al., 1994; Igarashi et al., 2014).
Together these data demonstrate that individual differences in spatial reference memory exist among aged F344 rats and provide novel data demonstrating an unrelated decline in working memory across the lifespan, suggesting that age-related mnemonic dysfunction may occur across multiple brain systems.
Memory is another example of an essential biological function which seems to be supported by multiple brain systems.
