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Previous research had demonstrated the importance of considering multiple behaviours and cluster membership on health status and long-term survival.
Findings will also improve understanding of the factors influencing change in multiple behaviours, and their association with health outcomes.
Most studies focus on smoking; and while there is abundant evidence of the association with lifestyle and socioeconomic status, there is limited consideration of the relationship between combinations of multiple behaviours and socioeconomic factors.
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Where studies addressed multiple behaviours, only dietary behaviour and change in body mass or weight outcomes and the instruments used to measure these outcomes were considered.
Cross-sectional nature of the study allowed us to examine the associations between mental well-being and multiple behaviours, but it cannot establish the causality and temporality of the observed relationships.
Seven studies tested a dietary intervention, 7 studies tested a physical activity intervention, 15 studies tested a smoking intervention, and the remaining 6 tested interventions for multiple behaviours (5 tested diet and physical activity interventions, 1 tested diet and smoking interventions).
These programs may be delivered by diverse providers, such as teachers, psychologists, psychiatrists or health educators and often target changes in multiple behaviours (e.g., delinquent behaviour and smoking).
47 Second, while the cross-sectional design of the study allowed us to examine the associations between mental well-being and multiple behaviours, it did not allow us to establish the causality and temporality of the observed relationships.
Because multiple risk behaviours were relatively common in the study population, preventive interventions targeting students attending vocational education and focusing on multiple behaviours simultaneously could be especially beneficial.
Over the years multiple variations of tailoring programs have been developed and this intervention technique has shown its potential to effectively support health behaviour change [ 12- 14], for example smoking cessation, physical activity and interventions targeting multiple behaviours [ 11, 15, 16].
Two-thirds exhibited multiple risk behaviours and 38% intended to change multiple risk behaviours.
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