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Haemophilus influenzae isolates 5 (100%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 (82.1%) isolates harboured plasmids which conferred multiple antimicrobial resistant on them.
Most PVL-positive CA-MRSA strains with multiple antimicrobial resistant determinants were detected in Asia Singaporee, People's Republic of China) or Africa AlgeriaAfrica Algeria
Multiple antimicrobial resistant strains of S. aureus were isolated and protozoan cysts were detected from food handlers working at University of Gondar students' cafeterias.
The 32 isolates identified as multiple antimicrobial resistant were assayed by PCR amplification for class 1 and class 2 integrase genes.
A multiple antimicrobial resistant ETEC O157 (O157 SvETEC) representative of O157 isolates from a pig farm in New South Wales, Australia that experienced repeated bouts of pre- and post-weaning diarrhoea resulting in multiple fatalities was characterized here.
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The multiple antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes observed in this study may have resulted from the spread of mobile genetic elements.
The pandemic increase in multiple antimicrobial-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 9, 10] the major pathogens of otitis media and sinusitis [ 11] has been attributed to irrational prescribing, fuelling the move to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use.
Additional evidence supporting the idea of horizontal transfer of multiple antimicrobial resistance determinants comes from a recent study conducted on multidrug resistant S. Agona isolates containing a DT104-like antimicrobial resistance gene cluster in their genome (28 ).
Management of S. pneumonia infections has been complicated by the emergence of multiple antimicrobial drug-resistant strains [ 2].
However, the number of pathogenic E. coli strains resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents has increased, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefotaxime) associated with production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) limits therapeutic options (3 ).
Treatment of infections caused by A. baumannii is becoming a serious clinical concern as this microorganism becomes increasingly resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs (2 ). A. baumannii resistance to carbapenems is mostly associated with production of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases and metallo-β-lactamases (2 ).
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