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In addition to Fimbriae 2 and 3, Prn, FHA and PT, which have multiple antigenic variations, BipA and OmpQ also have two different antigenic variations.
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multiple antigenic peptide.
The antigenic variations these viruses suffer, cause seasonal outbreaks of different extension.
Tam developed the multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) system to improve the poor immunogenicity of subunit peptide vaccines [23].
They are also known to regulate antigenic variations and gametocytic conversion in P. falciparum.
These were synthesized in combination as three multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs).
It has been also observed that new antigenic variations are created either when ≥2 variations occur in antigenic sites or when one variation occurs in an antigenic site and one in a sialic acid receptor-binding site [30].
This illustrates the need for a new vaccine concept that maintains high protective efficacy regardless of the antigenic variations that arise frequently due to antigenic drift.
Both these scenarios lead to coexistence of multiple antigenic phenotypes.
Regional differences may be due to antigenic variations between locally circulating strains.
They can even undergo antigenic variations to escape the immune response of its host [ 46, 47].
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