Less common risk factors include intravenous drug abuse, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, sepsis, multiple trauma, anatomic abnormalities, and iatrogenic neck trauma, including pacemaker placement and neck dissection [1, 2, 5].
Fig. 1 Multiple anatomical abnormalities demonstrated by CT images and their 3D reconstruction.
The etiology for OA is unknown but multiple factors such as obesity, age, anatomic abnormalities, history of joint trauma, joint instability, repeated injury, overuse and joint dysplasia are thought to be involved, resulting in severe joint pain, loss of movement, and irreversible functional disability with a marked decrease in quality of life [ 1, 2].
Such dogs have anatomic abnormalities that include small pharyngeal airways and abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) [ 8, 9].
For those with anatomic abnormalities, such as flat feet, orthotics can be considered.
In six cases biopsy or autopsy of one vasoconstricted artery disclosed no anatomic abnormalities.
This has led to the theory of age-specific anatomic abnormalities in autism.
Anatomic abnormalities in the larynx can cause significant and bothersome symptoms.
Open surgery (OS) is another option particularly in such cases with anatomic abnormalities of urinary tract.
Those presenting caries, cracks, irregularities, anatomic abnormalities, internal or external reabsorptions, calcifications, incomplete formation, root curvature and previous endodontic treatment were eliminated.
