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We analyzed the whole-genome multiple alignment provided by the UCSC to retrieve mutations that occurred at (or adjacent to) very short human STRs since the human chimpanzee divergence.
The C-terminal ends of these proteins also share weak similarity with the conserved hypothetical plastid proteins encoded by the ycf60 genes of plastid genomes from E. huxleyi, G. tenuistitipata and Cyanidiales (see partial multiple alignment provided in additional file 3, Figure S2).
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For genes with multiple isoforms, the multiple alignments provide the information on the alternative splicing regions.
Cx50 shares 52% sequence similarity with Cx26 (multiple sequence alignment provided as Supplementary Text in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673895).org/10.1155/2014/673895
In silico analyses revealed that all of the functionally characterized human Cx50 missense mutations alter highly conserved residues (Supplemental Figure 1; multiple sequence alignment provided as supplementary text).
Mugsy integrates the fast whole-genome pairwise aligner, Nucmer, for identifying homology, including rearrangements and duplications, with the segment-based multiple alignment method provided by the SeqAn C++ library.
Previous molecular analyses of induced barley mlo mutants in combination with site-directed mutagenesis and bioinformatic analysis based on multiple sequence alignments provided a first glimpse on the amino acids of the heptahelical barley Mlo protein that are decisive for its susceptibility-conferring function [ 19- 23].
Hence, the present phylogenetic analysis included DCX-motif-containing proteins from human, chimpanzee, mouse, cow, dog, chicken, fish, worms, insects, frogs, fungi, and sea squirts (multiple alignments are provided in supplementary Fig. 3).
Our phylogenetic analyses, based both on sequence-only and structure-guided multiple sequence alignments, provide solid support for this hypothesis, and reveal a greater phylogenetic distribution for genes encoding UlaGL than previously anticipated, including the possibility of multiple independent gene duplications along bacterial and archeal lineages, as well as of lineage-specific gene loss.
This strategy for shading symbols according to the prevalence of the corresponding nucleotide in multiple sequence alignments provides an intuitive and very effective method for drawing the eye to darker regions of high homology and can be used to efficiently convey genetic disorder in a grey-scaled graphic.
Because genomic signature analysis is based on whole-genomes and is independent of multiple alignments, it provides a robust methodology for comparison across and between prokaryotes and viruses.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com