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This model suffers from strong multipath fading and shadowing.
The phenomenon is called multipath fading, and it causes the sudden static on an AM radio in a room where people are moving around.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used for its robustness against multipath fading and low-complexity implementation.
Contrary to the existing works, we consider the arbitrary-rank deterministic Rician multipath fading and Gamma shadowing fading.
The multipath fading and scintillation effect due to rain were considered.
The PLC channel is modeled with multipath fading and Middleton's class A noise.
This results in better tolerance to multipath fading and delay spread.
However, other channel effects, such as multipath fading and shadowing, are ignored in this article.
Secondly, multipath fading and time dispersion of the wireless channels complicate the sensing problem.
An environment with multipath fading and interference generates signal strength variations over distances of a wavelength.
However, the measurements are easily corrupted by surrounding environment; multipath fading and noise, for example.
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