Schouls LM, Reulen S, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, Willems RJ, Dingle KE, et al. Comparative genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, and short repeat sequencing: strain diversity, host range, and recombination.
Instead, several classes of molecular markers were developed for PAC species assignment including PCR fingerprinting, single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), multilocus sequence typing, and microsatellites.
Applying molecular typing techniques like the multilocus sequence typing (MLST), using the polymorphisms of seven housekeeping genes, it was shown that genetic similarity is conserved in H. pylori strains from distinct geographical regions [ 23, 24].
The strains isolated from the patient and from the poultry flock sampled at the abattoir were identical by serotyping, fla typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, amplified fragment polymorphism and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), thus providing evidence of the direct transmission of pathogenic Campylobacter from a poultry source to a human.
MLST, multilocus sequence typing; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; ST, sequence type.
Standard molecular typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and fingerprinting using variable number of tandem repeats have shown an apparent lack of genetic diversity of M. ulcerans within individual geographic regions, which is indicative of a clonal population structure.
Previous phylogenetic studies of L. reuteri used amplified-fragment length polymorphism and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to study more than 100 strains, and these identified host origin as one basis for intraspecies diversity (Oh et al. 2010), with lineage-specific genomic differences reflecting the niche characteristics in the GI tract of respective hosts (Frese et al. 2011).
In addition, this method was compared to an in-house multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method based on polymorphisms in three housekeeping genes, the rrs locus and two envelope proteins.
Among them, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite length polymorphisms (MLP) analysis have recently emerged.
Molecular subtyping methods including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (21 ), fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphisms (22 ), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (23 ) have been applied to C. jejuni to overcome the problems associated with traditional phenotypic methods.
