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A somewhat different concept of multilevel variation is found in the gamelan (orchestra) music of Indonesia.
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With multilevel analyses the total variation is separated in different parts: a part due to differences between medical specialists and another part due to differences between partnerships [ 31].
In multilevel PLS-DA, the between subject variation is separated from the within subject variation.
In a multilevel model for change total outcome variation is partitioned into within- and between-person variance components.
Empirical Bayes statistic (EB) was used to estimate whether the variation was systematic; logistic-multilevel modelling determined what proportion of the variation was explained by the hospital; and, shrunken residuals, as provided by multilevel modelling, were plotted to flag hospitals performing worse than expected.
This again indicated that 15.7%% of the variation was attributed to cluster level variables suggesting the preference of multilevel analysis.
An additional advantage of this double comparative multilevel approach is that the variation of (unmeasured) factors, unique to each destination or origin country, are captured by the random intercept at the origin and destination levels and thus does not cause much bias in the parameters of the measured variables.
The major motivation for a multilevel approach is that certain variations in an image, such as those due to edges are local in nature, and hence will be better captured by use of local (rather than global) information.
A multilevel modelling approach is taken to decompose variation between individuals into genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental components.
This style of multilevel dial is sometimes referred to as the Sandwich dial.
Ecological studies conflate variation between individuals and variation between geographical units, and multilevel studies are increasingly seen as a methodological advancement in the understanding of geographical variations in healthcare utilisation.
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