With the popularity of multilevel design in large scale systems, reliability redundancy allocation on multilevel systems is becoming attractive to researchers.
Multilevel governance systems are often dominated by a top-down, technocentric, centralized management bias and have great difficulty responding to the needs of peripheral and vulnerable populations.
Such complex multilevel social systems are characterized by low territoriality and frequently changing animal aggregations (e.g., hamadryas baboons (Papio hamdryas) (Kummer 1968); gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) (Snyder-Mackler et al. 2012); snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) (Ren et al. 2012)).
Multilevel redundancy allocation optimization problems (MRAOPs) occur frequently when attempting to maximize the system reliability of a hierarchical system, and almost all complex engineering systems are hierarchical.
Accordingly, a multilevel classification system was proposed, in which a wide range of disease spectra can be included, embodied in the acronym RIFLE (Risk of renal dysfunction, Injury to the kidney, Failure or Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease; Fig. 1).
In this paper the design of a multilevel and reusable methodology for modeling pharmacokinetic physiological systems is presented.
A hierarchical framework for multilevel analysis and design of composite material and structural systems is presented.
A non-mandatory multilevel public health insurance system is implemented as the backbone of the medical security system, while both the medical aid system and the commercial health insurance system also play important roles in the health insurance system.
The multilevel systems approach that we took was similar to that adopted by ESSENCE (Enhancing Support for Strengthening the Effectiveness of National Capacity Efforts) on Health Research [ 37], an initiative between funding agencies to scale up coordination and harmonization of the research capacity investments.
A two-stage, multilevel assay quality control (QC) system was designed and implemented for two high stringency QC anthrax serological assays; a quantitative anti-PA IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA) assay.
