Overall, the explanatory values of contextual SES and of gender equality are strong enough to recommend their inclusion in area or multilevel studies of the SES gradient.
However, a recent systematic review which included multilevel studies of neighbourhood deprivation and alcohol consumption found little evidence to support this hypothesis.
In the absence of agreement on methods to define a neighbourhood in a way that results in a geographically defined area [ 22- 24], multilevel studies of neighbourhoods and health have generally used administrative boundaries, such as the census ward, as the best available proxy.
Using data from the United Kingdom's British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) (waves thirteen to eighteen, N = 6982), this longitudinal, multilevel study investigates the validity of the association between trust, social participation and self-rated health using a family-based design.
In this multilevel study, we examined the association of the density of neighbourhood restaurants, which is defined as the number of fast-food restaurants, indoor restaurants and fixed outdoor food stalls in the neighbourhood, with BMI of adults in rural China.
Repeated values of annual unemployment rates and percentages of foreigners formed the first level of the multilevel study.
We exploited the natural experiment offered by the Hungarian economic transition by means of a multilevel study designed to address these gaps in the scientific literature.
