Sentence examples for multilevel selection is from inspiring English sources

Multilevel selection is gaining in favor among evolutionary biologists because of a recent mathematical proof that kin selection can arise only under special conditions that demonstrably do not exist, and the better fit of multilevel selection to all of the two dozen known animal cases of eusocial evolution.

The basic logic of multilevel selection is impeccable and was affirmed by Williams and others, as I recount in T&R IV.

Multilevel selection is an extension of the phenotypic selection methodology (Lande and Arnold 1983).

Hence, if direct and IGE are negatively correlated, then the combination of kin and multilevel selection is a very powerful way to avoid negative response due to increased competition.

The large gain in accuracy potentially available through the use of kin and multilevel selection is illustrated in Fig. 3. Conversely, when direct effects and IGEs are negatively genetically correlated and kin and multilevel selection are not used, the response to selection is diminished.

A selection model allowing for a continuous degree of multilevel selection is given by (Bijma et al. 2007a) (13) where the sum is taken over the n-1 group members of the focal individual, and g represents the degree of between-group selection.

Stable genotypic and phenotypic diversity through resource partitioning was shown by [ 27], while evolution of ecosystems as an example of multilevel selection was investigated by [ 28, 29].

This version of multilevel selection analysis is 'contextual selection' (Heisler and Damuth 1987; Goodnight 2005), and is complementary to 'social selection' (Wolf et al. 1999) as techniques for measuring how individual and group traits affect individual fitness (Goodnight 2015).

Yet the view from the multilevel selection theory is completely different as it suggests that organizations operate better to the extent that they are able to suppress the self-interest of individual members.

A criticism of multilevel selection theories is that unrestrained individuals will generate more progeny and have a selective advantage over restrained individuals (Kirkwood 2005).

Multilevel selection theory is defined as coherently as inclusive fitness theory.