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Treatment effects were considered in multilevel data analysis with a log-link function using the "xtpoisson" command.
The clustering at the GP was accounted for in our statistical analysis by survey/panel data methods and additionally by multilevel data analysis.
Accounting for the within individual variation through the use of a mixed-effects model or multilevel data analysis with a modification to the csSAM test statistic may help improve the statistical significance of the csSAM test statistic in longitudinal studies.
The MLwiN 2.24 (Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK) software was used for multilevel data analysis at two levels and all results are presented as Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs).
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Despite the fact that we have not used any multilevel data in this analysis, as in the original model, it has been a good starting point for analysing the relations between antecedent neighbourhood factors, social cohesion, social capital, individual factors, health risk factors and health.
Finally, employing a multilevel approach to the data analysis, we allowed for clustering effects of the population sample and used all of the available data without having to exclude cases with single missing values.
Advantages of using multilevel modelling for longitudinal data analysis are that it is not necessary that subjects are measured on the same time points nor do follow up times need to be uniform.
The multilevel approach adopted allows for data analysis with a hierarchical structure where the individual units (students) are "nested" within the aggregated school level.
In the data analysis by multilevel modelling we took the cluster randomisation into account.
All analyses in this study were conducted by using individual growth curve modeling within a multilevel framework, which is a data analysis technique especially designed for longitudinal data [ 27, 34].
For quantitative data analysis a multilevel model is built to investigate the potential associations with the frequency of PDU and with the appropriateness of PDU, taken into account that appropriateness of PDU is nested within DSCUs.
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