The clever combinations of multifunctional features and antibody conjugation within these vehicles make them to generally offer new opportunities for clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
In the past 5 years, a range of multifunctional, receptor-targeting, antibody-based molecules have emerged, which allow targeting of multiple surface receptors on tumour cells and endothelial or immune cells in the tumour microenvironment.
In this Review, we discuss the rationales and strategies for the use of multifunctional receptor-targeting antibodies, their mechanisms of action, and the promises and challenges they hold as cancer therapeutics.
Western blotting results indicated that TNF-α induced Iκ-B-α decrease after treatment for 15 min and Lexa did that with treatment for 60 min. However, compared with TNF-α, Lexa could not promote Iκ-B-α phosphorylation at 60 min (Fig. 1A); thus Lexa, a DR5 specific monoclonal antibody unlike multifunctional TNF-α, did not activate the anti-apoptotic NF-κB signal pathway through binding to DR5.
Lee et al. [38] detected human epithelial cancer by using MRI to trace antibody-conjugated multifunctional magnetic gold nanocomposites (MGNCs) and performed localized synchronous therapy.
In soluble secreted antibodies, the glycans are multifunctional and play crucial roles in secreted Ab functions, but it is not known whether differences in glycosylation will affect the ability of IgM- and IgG-BCRs to initiate signaling.
The quantitative comparison to the capture solely based on individual antibodies revealed that the multifunctional surfaces are most effective in capture efficiency across all CTC model cells tested, achieving up to 150-fold enhancement at up to 81% capture efficiency.
In another report, Rashidian et al. describe a multifunctional macromolecular protein self-assembly consisting of an antibody nanoring structure bearing a single chain anti-CD3 antibody as the targeting element, as well as a model cargo protein and a fluorophore.
Moreover, primary antibodies (Ab1) and secondary antibodies (Ab2) could be effectively immobilized onto the multifunctional MCM-41 by the interaction between Au NPs and amino groups (–NH2) on antibodies.
