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We have shown that the TST is a multifaceted immune response involving Th1-polarized cells, CTLs, and both innate immune and IFN-γ-stimulated responses, which can be evaluated reproducibly at a molecular level in the human tissue microenvironment.
Diversity in observed associations may reflect a multifaceted immune response that begins with a localized reaction including macrophage activation and ends with the release of cytokines systemically (Brook et al. 2010).
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The activation of cytoplasmic RNA sensing pathways in specific antigen presenting cell subsets in vivo may therefore be an important requirement for an adjuvant to overcome tolerance to self antigens and prime multifaceted immune responses.
Administered alone the vaccine delivery systems in general induce weak immune responses (as illustrated by DDA alone in Fig. 2) but in combination with an immunomodulator e.g. a TLR agonist a synergistic effect is obtained leading to highly potent and multifaceted immune responses often with both T and B cell responses (reviewed in [26]).
Recent studies have revealed the existence of a multifaceted innate immune response triggered by Toll-like recepTLR (TLR) 4 on superficial bladder epithelial cells directed at clearing infection by Gram negative pathogens.
The complex multifaceted properties of the host immune response preclude the sole use of reductionist approaches to define clinically useful molecular factors.
The immune response to M.tb. is multifaceted and complex, involving both DCs and MFs.
The immune response in sepsis is an extremely multifaceted cascade of events involving inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes, humoral and cellular reactions, and circulatory abnormalities [ 29].
The development of mathematical models of the immune response allows a better understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms of the defense system.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) performs multifaceted functions in the tumor microenvironment promoting angiogenesis, suppressing anti-tumor immune response, and possibly exerting autocrine functions on tumor cells.
Given that streptococcal collagenous substrates neither interact with platelets nor trigger a strong immune response, this novel bioactive coating appears to have desirable multifaceted properties with promising translational applications.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com