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On the multidimensional level, in line with the assumptions of a biopsychosocial model, 34, 35 Gobbens et al 17 defined frailty as "a dynamic state affecting an individual who experiences losses in one or more domains of human functioning" with consequently higher risk for adverse outcomes.
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Evidence from functional brain imaging, therapeutic, and lesion studies have led to a conceptualization of depression as a multidimensional systems level disorder affecting discrete but functionally integrated pathways (34,35).
Our findings demonstrate the unsuitability of using measures designed for unidimensional constructs to represent multidimensional, individual-level traits.
The conceptual literature on active ageing is limited to a short survey of lay views [ 13] and a theoretical model of active ageing, proposing a multidimensional, multi-level model [ 20].
In this paper, we consider a two-level multidimensional item response model that examines country differences in extreme response style (ERS) as a possible cause for the achievement-attitude paradox in PISA 2006.
Our application of a two-level multidimensional IRT model toward investigating the attitude-achievement paradox in PISA 2006 suggests cross-cultural differences in extreme response style (ERS) are not a likely cause of the paradox.
Beyond R&D and competitiveness theories of innovation, various conceptual broadenings have recently been proposed to tackle the complex, multidimensional and multi-level dynamics of innovation at stake in the transformation of the economy and society towards new sustainable development regimes.
With DTI, the assessment and visualization of large white matter fibers on a millimeter-level multidimensional scale become possible [ 32].
At the national level, the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio is close to the multidimensional achievement index (Fig. 3b).
Similarities between product variants are shown on each level by multidimensional scaling, which allows a simple visual evaluation.
Using some standard results from estimation accuracy level of multidimensional sparse-grid theories as well as stochastic stability theories, we have developed the robust stability of nonlinear SGQKF under stochastic uncertainties.
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