The results indicated that the multidimensional model of parental involvement in mathematics contained three components: parental beliefs and expectations, managerial involvement (i.e., parental instruction), and structural involvement (i.e., resources parents provide for children).
The conceptual framework and measures can contribute to future work on parenting, including research designed to map multidimensional constructs that describe parental involvement and studies that explore how parental involvement shapes school outcomes of early adolescents in mathematics through their math self-efficacy.
The present study confirmed the multidimensional construct of Taiwanese parental involvement and examined the direct and indirect influences of parental involvement on students' mathematics achievement, that is, the mediating effects of math self-efficacy.
Parental involvement has a multidimensional construct (Epstein 2010) but in this study it was measured using a uni-dimensional measure of parental involvement.
Since parental involvement is a multidimensional construct (Domina, 2005; Turney & Kao, 2009), the various aspects of parental influence need to be classified into a number of broad dimensions.
Similarly, we identified distinct molecular subgroups of BRAF-mutant tumors, and multidimensional analyses highlighted a potential involvement of oncomiRs in less-differentiated subgroups.
Given that family involvement is a multidimensional concept and includes parents as well as siblings as significant supportive actors within families, we purposively gave our contributors wide latitude in defining involvement through the family and the relationship to educational achievement within their papers.
The instrument should reflect a more multidimensional self-reporting scale measuring family involvement.
In order to be able to visualize recommendations for protection zones and danger zones, according to Sturm's concept of space, the above elements are analyzed through a multidimensional analytical approach, which includes the involvement of natural space, institutions, society, economics, and culture (Sturm 2000).
PTMQ Physician Teaching Motivation Questionnaire, MWMS Multidimensional work motivation scale, PTI Perceived teaching involvement, TSE Teaching self-efficacy, TM Teaching motivation, T Teaching The more the subscales of the PTMQ represent a self-regulated type of motivation, the higher positive correlations they show with PTI.
