The CS is a probabilistic multi-level sample method specifically designed to collect information on a representative sample of migrants when a (complete) list of the target population is not available, and the total number of the population is unknown (Baio, Blangiardo, & Blangiardo, 2011).
As concentration data, we account for pointlike measurements obtained in multi-level sampling wells.
Breakthrough curves (BTCs) were measured in the extraction wells and the multi-level sampling (MLS) ports.
Samples were obtained from the plume using a multi-level sampler (MLS) positioned in two boreholes (boreholes 59 and 60) which vertically transected two areas of the plume.
In this study, interpolated Cl− maps of the Po River delta coastal aquifer (Italy), gained with Integrated Depth Sampling IDSS) and Multi-Level Sampling (MLS) techniques, are compared.
The obtained empirical distribution of mass discharge crossing the multi-level sampling fence could be well fitted by a log-normal distribution.
Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of a conservative tracer (bromide) and a reactive compound (ethanol) are measured at multi-level sampling (MLS) wells and in extraction wells.
Results from a multi-level sampler installed next to the cores provided information on the plume position and oxygen concentration in the groundwater.
The distribution of vertically-averaged concentration predictions, log Σca/Σcm), where the summation is over each multi-level sampler, had a standard deviation of ∼0.45 for both tests.
It was also found that with larger number of observations in the vertical direction (multi-level sampling points), the predictions become more accurate.
Water quality analyses from multi-level sampling underneath the streambed and in the wetland showed a stratification in groundwater composition with an aerobic shallow zone with oxygen and nitrate (top ∼3 m) overlying a reduced, anoxic zone.
