Hence, TKL is a multi-functional enzyme that modulates both the pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways in the cell.
Investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of celiac sprue have identified the major histocompatibility complex protein HLA-DQ2 and the multi-functional enzyme transglutaminase 2 as potential pharmacological targets.
The amalgamation of biochemical, molecular and structural biology approaches which have been used for understanding endo-β-mannanase families, catalytic mechanism, substrate binding, non-catalytic modules, trans-glycosylation, and multi-functional enzyme complexes has been given critical attention.
Increasing evidence demonstrates that AvrA is a multi-functional enzyme with critical roles in inhibiting inflammation, regulating apoptosis, and enhancing proliferation.
The ends of the broken DNA on double strands are processed by the multi-functional enzyme complex RecBCD involving successively a helicase activity to split the duplex into its component strands and a nuclease activity to digest them.
What we demonstrated here is the effect of multi-functional enzyme partition under increasing substrate condition on preventing over-production and maintaining homeostasis of an amino acid.
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a homodimeric and multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of palmitate in a NADPH-dependent reaction (Maier et al., 2006).
These regulatory mechanisms, including multi-functional enzyme partition and reversible isozyme reaction, contribute to prevent over-production and maintain homeostasis of amino acids under environmental changes.
We found up-regulation of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein HADHA, the mitochondrial fatty acid transporter carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt1a), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), the mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADS, ACADV and ACADSB) and of peroxisomal multi-functional enzyme type 2 (Hsd17b4).
From the perspective of finding potential biomarkers for Camembert-type cheese ripening, the multi-functional enzyme could be one of interest, given its expression over time in both microorganisms.
Two other important genes are ascorbate peroxidase 3 (APX3; At4g35000 from Arabidopsis), which encode peroxisomal membrane-bound antioxidants and are part of the key family involved in cellular H2O2 metabolism [ 54, 55] and a homolog of glutathione transferase 8 (At1g78380), part of a multi-functional enzyme family that plays a role in the protection of tissues against oxidative damage [ 56].
