In this paper we show for the first time that the tumor biomarker PSMA, a multi-functional cell surface ectopeptidase [13], is endowed with an efficient signaling activity in prostate cancer cells.
Another interesting example is CD44, a multi-functional cell adhesion protein for which many splice variants have been associated with the growth and progression of multiple tumor types [6], [7], [8].
The proportion of positive cells in each field was determined using the true color multi-functional cell image analysis management system (Image-Pro Plus, Media Cybernetics, USA).
After staining, five high-power fields (400 ×) were randomly selected in each slide, and the average proportion of positive cells in each field were counted using the true color multi-functional cell image analysis management system (Image-Pro Plus, Media Cybernetics, USA).
Prolonged multi-functional T cell responses may play an important role in maturation of the immune response to measles and establishment of life-long protective immunity.
Intracellular FACS analyses revealed that LNP and LNP + IMO formulated antigens led to higher frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ+TNFα+IL-2+, multi-functional CD8+T cell responses, than unadjuvanted vaccine or vaccine with IMO only.
Further, we delineated an association between multi-functional T cell responses and protective efficacy of these vaccine regimens.
This finding is critical, as multi-functional T cell responses have been correlated with improved vaccine-mediated protection in the blood [50], [54] and may similarly influence mucosal protection against a disseminated infection in the lung.
Cytokine expression (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL2) and multi-functional T cell patterns following 6 hour antigen stimulation (5 µg/ml) of splenocytes were determined by intracellular staining (ICS), as previously described [27].
Vaccination with R/D regimen not only induces a heightened multi-functional CD4 Th1 cell response, but also demonstrates a significant control on the bacillary multiplication in the early as well late phase of infection.
Others have demonstrated that robust differentiation of multi-ciliated cells from hPSCs require modified culture conditions to promote differentiation of functional cell types (Firth et al., 2014).
