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Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) protects against influenza by mucosal activation of the immune system.
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Damage to the epithelium or challenge associated with damage can result in loss of structural integrity or barrier function and local mucosal activation [ 5].
Perturbation of tight junctions and increased mucosal permeability and activation of the mucosal immune system have been shown to affect the severity of mucosal inflammation in humans [34], [35], [36].
Also inhibition of intestinal Na + K+ ATPase activity, activation of adenylate cyclase and mucosal cAMP-mediated active secretion are the proposed mechanisms of diarrheal effect of castor oil [36].
Modulation of mucosal iNOS activity following activation of circulating Arg-1 may be protective because it would be expected to decrease epithelial barrier dysfunction as a result of decreased NO production.
Increased mucosal barrier defects in some patients with IBS may also contribute to the increase passage of luminal antigens of dietary and bacterial origin into the sub-mucosal which may result in the further activation of mucosal immune responses involved in the genesis of IBD [ 14].
Mucosal vaccines may be used both to prevent mucosal infections through the activation of antimicrobial immunity and to treat systemic inflammatory diseases through the induction of antigen-specific mucosal tolerance.
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that contain several unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG-ODN) motifs are now recognized as promising adjuvants displaying mucosal adjuvant activity through direct activation of TLR9-expressing cells.
Based on additional pharmacological experiments the authors concluded that CO2 exerts its antinociceptive, respectively antihyperalgesic effects by activation of mucosal primary trigeminal afferents through a decreased mucosal pH within the nasal cavity.
Mucosal immunisation may be used both to prevent mucosal infections through the activation of anti-microbial immunity and to treat selected autoimmune, allergic or infectious-immunopathological disorders through the induction of antigen-specific tolerance.
Perhaps the difference between the two syndromes resides with the intact Th17 activity in the APS-1 patients, which might provide some activation of mucosal cells and keratinocyte cationic peptide defenses and thus provide some residual immunity for pathogens like S. aureus at these sites.
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