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Histologically, Barrett's mucosa is characterized by the following three features: proper esophageal glands or ducts beneath the overlying columnar epithelium, squamous epithelial islets in the columnar epithelium, and double-layered lamina muscularis mucosae [7].
During recovery, the CCR9−/− colonic mucosa is characterized by the accumulation of activated macrophages and elevated levels of Th1/Th17 inflammatory cytokines.
Normal mucosa is characterized by uniform, well-defined layers as shown in Fig. 2(a).
The intestinal mucosa is characterized by complex metabolic and immunological processes driven highly dynamic gene expression programs.
Physiologically human gastric mucosa is characterized by relatively high level of gangliosides, higher even than in the intestinal mucosa [ 84].
'Tamoxifen mucosa' differs from the atrophic mucosa in postmenpausal women who are not treated with tamoxifen as their mucosa is characterized as pale, thin, and without protuberances[ 44 ].
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In accordance with several studies, ethanol-induced ulcers on the gastric mucosa were characterized as elongated bands of hemorrhagic lesions parallel to the long axis of the stomach [ 11, 20].
The mechanisms of action remain unclear but could be related to the regulation of intestinal mucosal biology where the intestinal mucosa was characterized by higher villi, deeper crypts, increased number of goblet cells and a thicker mucus layer on the colonic epithelium [ 153].
Oral leukoplakia is a premalignant lesion of the oral mucosa that is characterized by a circumscribed thickening of the mucosa covered by whitish patches [ 4].
1, 13 Betel chewer's mucosa (BCM) is characterized by a brownish-red discoloration and an irregular epithelial surface.
Following host epithelial cell invasion and penetration of the colonic mucosa, Shigella infection is characterized by degeneration of the epithelium and inflammation of the lamina propria.
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