The radial breathing mode of the metallic tube also shows a similar but much weaker dependence on the charging potential.
An addition of small amounts of the alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+ and K+) to such a system has a remarkable acceleration effect on the electron transfer rate since these ions undergo pairing with in situ generated anion radicals and the double-layer effect on the resulting particles of a diminished charge is much weaker.
In contrast, the coated sample experienced much weaker surface reactions with low charge-transfer resistance even though the applied potential, 5.3 V was much higher than the stable upper voltage limit (∼4.5 V) of conventional electrolyte.
Similar plots for Lys-PC/PS membrane (data not shown) reveal much weaker electrostatic potential near the adsorbate, indicative of lower charge accumulation around Lys.
But the magnetism was so weak – much weaker than the Earth's magnetosphere – that scientists assumed highly charged protons could easily penetrate these shields.
The potential-dependent capacitance curve of the BMIM+/FSI− is asymmetric camel-shaped, with the potential of zero charge at the local minimum, while the BMIM+/Tf− shows much weaker Cd dependence on potential between 0 to 1.1 V.
It was also possible to deliver electric shocks from the charge stored in a Leyden jar, but this was a much weaker shock.
Intriguingly, NADH binding is specific in the sense that NAD+ binding is much weaker (Kd > 250 μM), presumably due to the presence of two positively charged arginine residues (Arg143 and Arg219) near the nicotinamide ring of NADH (see Figure S1).
Oppositely, at small magnitudes of the surface charge density σ, the influence of counterion size on the electric potential is much weaker and it varies in the order of magnitude of 5 mV.
F.B.I. officials considered the case against Mrs. Clinton much weaker than the one against Mr. Petraeus, a retired general and C.I.A. director, who pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge.
