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Hence, OsSPA1 appears to be functional in Arabidopsis, though at a much reduced efficiency when compared to AtSPA1.
VP16 is however not essential for IE gene expression as mutants lacking the VP16 transactivation function can enter the lytic cycle, although with much reduced efficiency, particularly following low multiplicity infection.
Similarly, expression of the rice OsSPA1 protein in Arabidopsis spa mutants failed to complement any phenotypes of light-grown spa mutant plants and complemented the phenotype of dark-grown seedlings at a much reduced efficiency.
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However, PEGylation also led to several problems such as lower cellular uptake, difficult endosomal escape and much reduced transfection efficiency, which was described as "PEG dilemma".
The utility industry fiercely opposes the provision, saying it costs too much and reduces efficiency.
For STAR topology, the increase of the network spectral efficiency with respect to the backhaul spectral efficiency is much reduced when compared to other schemes, due to the additional overhead in forwarding decoded packets to the RNC.
Although the efficiency was much reduced, compared with the 'Vinblastine-arrest' mitotic cells, a significant fraction of normal mitotic cell also underwent apoptosis (Table 1), suggesting that mitotic cells are intrinsically sensitive to Celastrol-induced cell death.
However, the blowfly is presumably susceptible, probably because the efficiency of the enzyme is much reduced for the more insecticidal isomers of the more recent type 2 SPs (Heidari et al. 2005; Devonshire et al. 2007).
Far less water is consumed, but dry cooling adds costs and reduces efficiency — and profits.
Mal-distribution of health workers reduces efficiency.
Companies that rationalise too much reduce productivity.
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