Sentence examples for much lower mutation from inspiring English sources

For example, ESCs harbor much lower mutation and recombination rate than somatic cells (Cervantes et al., 2002).

Cord blood cells offer advantages over bone marrow cells from related adult donors as they are a stage of development somewhere between embryonic/foetal and adult stem cells, and have a much lower mutation rate than the alternative bone marrow cells [26].

The ovarian tumors have many more rearrangements than the skin cancers and a much lower mutation rate.

It was clear from our analysis that both young and old WT cells had a much lower mutation rate than either young or old Δ8 cells (Fig. 2D).

However, nuclear sequences are often not as attractive for population genetic studies as they generally have much lower mutation rates than microsatellite loci and consequently are less variable.

Alternatively, other tumor types, such as breast tumors, present much lower mutation frequency in these TGF-β signaling effectors, but display many alterations in their expression levels [ 43, 45, 46].

A possible way round the problem of implausibly low mutation rates, at least for colon cancer, is suggested by the model of Nowak et al. [ 93], who showed that by "washing out" pre-malignant cells in the intestinal lumen a relatively high mutation rate at the cellular level may translate into a much lower apparent mutation rate at the tissue (intestinal crypt) level.

It has been shown that MSH6 and MSH3 are redundant in regard to frameshift mutagenesis in a yeast model [30], which supports our finding that hMSH6 and hMSH3 defects have much lower frameshift mutation rates than the hMLH1 defect that completely eliminates MMR.

At the other end of the spectrum, a much lower Notch mutation frequency was noted in tumor cell lines from mesothelioma (pleura), breast and kidney (less than 10%), and with no mutations in tumors from the biliary tract.

As random genetic drift in plants and animals is similar, the difference in mitochondrial genome size can be explained by the much lower (∼100×) mutation rate in plant mtDNAs compared with animal mtDNAs (Lynch et al. 2006).

This list includes the unlikely possibility that the true deleterious mutation rate might be much lower, either because mutation rates in the Amazon molly happen to be generally much lower for yet unknown reasons, or because the distribution of mutational effects happens to be strongly bimodal with almost no mutations in the critical intermediate range.