Your English writing platform
Discover LudwigSuggestions(5)
Exact(15)
On the bottom line it was an 8% beat, due to a much lower effective tax rate of 28.2% versus estimated 31.0% and 34.0% in the prior period.
Economists have also questioned whether anyone would actually get stuck paying the top rate, since even those with France's top rate typically have a much lower effective rate.
But he also wanted to close tax loopholes that allow many companies to pay a much lower effective corporate tax rate.
The headline corporate income tax rate in the US is 35%, but Shire – like many global drugs and technology groups– has for years managed to maintain a much lower effective tax rate, thanks in large part to complex tax planning.
Many pay at a much lower effective rate, taking advantage of numerous tax breaks and loopholes and using aggressive tax strategies to shift profits to more generous tax territories abroad.
Looking at Mr. Ross's taxes as a share of adjusted gross income yields a much lower effective tax rate of 20 percent, which is actually on the low side for someone whose income is probably in the top 1 percent.
Similar(45)
The nanofluids with nanoparticles of connected cross-shape show a much higher (lower) effective thermal conductivity when particle fluid conductivity ratio is larger (smaller) than 1 [81].
One could also argue that, because the size of both control populations was much lower than the effective size of natural populations they originated from, a bottleneck effect might be already associated with the large control population.
In contrast, PCB 77 significantly inhibited hypothalamic TPH activity and gonadal growth at doses much lower than the effective doses of Aroclor 1254.
The results show that added mass significantly reduces the natural frequencies of cantilevered marine structures as a function of relative submergence depth, more so for composite plates than for steel plates because of the much lower ratio of effective structural mass to hydrodynamic added mass.
This effective cutoff rigidity typically has a much lower value than the effective rigidity described here.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com