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Pyrene probe spectrofluorometry showed that A6K± had a much lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) than A6K.
The polypeptide-based hydrogels showed much lower critical gelation concentration than the traditional polyester-based hydrogels.
One of the possible solutions is the application of model fluids, which have much lower critical pressure and critical temperature.
The fully coupled problem exhibits instability at a much lower critical Lewis number than the uncoupled problem.
It is found that both methods predict much lower critical temperatures than ABAQUS and neither method is suitable to deal with the effects of non-uniform temperature distributions.
These target surfactants exhibit much lower critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and higher efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water than typical surfactants.
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In sulphuric acid the treated steel did not passivate, but it corroded at a limiting current density much lower that the critical current density for AISI 316L passivation.
At potentials much lower than the critical one, a linear function of the steady-state current density with the potential is predicted.
Moreover, the strain gradient at the surface is large enough to promote preferential nucleation of InAs just on top of the buried QD1, even for InAs deposited thickness of 0.9 ML, which is much lower than the critical thickness for QD formation in absence of local strain fields [14].
Berkelium-247 can maintain chain reaction both in a thermal-neutron and in a fast-neutron reactor, however, its production is rather complex and thus the availability is much lower than its critical mass, which is about 75.7 kg for a bare sphere, 41.2 kg with a water reflector and 35.2 kg with a steel reflector (30 cm thickness).
For quantitative transport analysis, TCA was used at a concentration range much lower than the critical micellar concentration.
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