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The co-modified liposome had a much lower cellular uptake and tumor spheroid uptake, but a much higher tumor accumulation compared to CPP-modified liposome, indicating the non-specific penetration of CPPs could be attenuated by the outer PEG coating.
Since AMP is normally present at much lower cellular concentrations, it has been argued that it would be unable to compete with ADP or ATP at either regulatory site.
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This value is much lower than the cellular concentration of ATP in different organisms, which ranges from approximately 0.5 to 10 mM (Albe et al, 1990).
In general, tested compounds had a much lower potency within our cellular assays compared to results obtained with purified enzymes.
Targeting the specificities dictated by HLA is therefore a much lower barrier for the cellular immune response to overcome in the setting of vaccines and immunotherapies than previously thought.
The low threshold of activated procaspase-3 is much lower than the total cellular concentration of caspase-3, whish is ~ 100 nM in apoptotic Jurkat [ 4] and HEK-293 cells [ 30].
If the pool of PI 4,5 P2 synthesised by the PI5P4K route does have a function, it must be a specific and localised one, given that the amount will be much lower than the overall cellular levels of PI 4,5 P2.
It also expresses MTC1, but at much lower level than BECs and cellular localization of this isoform includes both basolateral and apical membranes [ 129], while MTC2 transcripts were not found in the CPE [ 130].
The presence of cell membrane causes super-cooling of the intra-cellular region, which nucleates at much lower temperatures than the surrounding extra-cellular space and is accompanied by the exothermic release of the latent heat.
Also, more research should focus on the cellular effects of arsenic metabolites, which are generated inside the cell and may cause cellular damage at much lower concentrations than the inorganic arsenic species.
It has neuroprotective and antioxidant activities in cellular models at much lower concentrations than those inhibiting MAO or AChE.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com