One big advantage of this new approach is that it could enable the use of much less expensive substrate materials — a major part of the cost of such devices, which today typically use sapphire or silicon carbide substrates.
When subjected to a kinase assay using PfCK2α, both recombinant PfNaps were phosphorylated, with PfNapL (55 kDa) giving a very strong signal (after as short an exposure time as 30 minutes), and PfNapS (37 kDa) appearing as a much less efficient substrate (even after a longer exposure time of 2 hours).
If the each layer thickness is much less than the substrate thickness, Stoney's equation will be derived.
In addition, LTA4H can cleave, albeit much less efficiently, synthetic substrates based on single amino acids coupled with a chromophore in P1′ position, with Arg preferred over Ala (Tholander et al. 2008).
Before discussing the literature, a note of caution is required: the time windows and sugar nucleotide concentrations employed in some literature reports, particularly where fluorinated compounds are assessed as potential inhibitors, may not be compatible with forcing the turn-over of much less reactive fluorinated substrates.
At pH 7.0, TM-PAP transfected cells were heavily stained using AMP as substrate and much less intensely stained using ADP as substrate (Fig. 4A C).
Zhao et al. [5] who grow Si nano-flowers on Si(100) substrates with cooling facility for the substrate to keep the substrate temperature fixed at 4°C during deposition also encountered such difficulty, while diffusion of Si adatoms on the Si substrate is much less than Ag adatoms on glass substrates.
In contrast, much less is known about substrate mechanics effects on cell behavior.
The devices on LaAlO3 showed high sensitivity to the IBE parameters and the step structure while this was much less for the SrTiO3 substrate samples.
If the useful BP size is on the same order as the target particle as was observed in this study, using BPs that are smaller than the conventional micron particles by a factor of about 100 is expected to damage the substrate much less than micron particles because damage is proportional to the total kinetic energy of each BP.
