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HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution.
In addition, three R5 viruses isolated from rapid AIDS progressors lacking X4 strains were much less pathogenic than NL4-3 in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, suggesting that R5 virus-mediated rapid disease progression is associated with host, not viral, factors [30].
Like B. pseudomallei, the closely related B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis live in soil but are much less pathogenic and are phylogenetically distinct from B. pseudomallei/ B. mallei [ 19].
Although previously considered much less pathogenic in humans than group A (GAS: Streptococcus pyogenes) and group B streptococci, SDSE has been increasingly reported to cause invasive infections, such as sepsis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (Sylvetsky et al. 2002; Cohen-Poradosu et al. 2004; Liao et al. 2008).
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These processes, however, are usually slower and much less substantial than the rapid changes typical of pathogenic organisms.
In particular, much work has been devoted to the development of diagnostic assays targeted at the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1); much less efforts have been devoted to the A(H2) subtype.
Although evasion of host recognition may be a feature of some human pathogenic fungi and pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity response of animals can perceive fungal PAMPs such as chitin, there is much less evidence of active effector-mediated suppression of immunity as exhibited by human pathogenic bacteria or plant pathogenic fungi.
To date, we have yet to identify functions for all the major gene products, much less grasp their implications for the viral life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms.
Compared to other pathogenic streptococci such as GAS, virulence factors of GBS are much less studied and therefore not well understood.
Pathogenic mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase (PINK1) gene are much less common than PRKN mutations and probably account for only 1 to 2% of early-onset PD patients.
However, much less attention has been given to the potential risks related to poultry waste constituents, including pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and residues of the drugs added to poultry feeds.
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