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Despite their huge population, the 2014 study indicated that passenger pigeons had much less genetic diversity than expected.
In comparison with Hd1, the Hd3a gene obviously showed much less genetic diversity with 95~100%0 % sequence identity among the accessions of O. sativa and O. rufipogon (Fig. 2a, b).
But specimens from western Europe younger than 48,000 years showed much less genetic diversity (variation in the older remains and the Asian Neanderthals was six-fold greater than in the western examples).
Sampling DNA from 54 Finns, Pääbos team found that Finns have much less genetic variation than other Europeans do in three small regions of the Y chromosome, which is found only in males.
Cerro Fatal shows heterozygote excess, high levels of linkage disequilibrium (both of which can be explained by a past bottleneck), and much less genetic variability overall at mitochondrial and nuclear loci than the La Reserva population (Table 9 and Table 10 and [3], [13], [14]).
Bayesian methods, however, captured much less genetic relationship than GBLUP with dense markers [ 30].
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Before these tests were developed, breeders had to rely on much less detailed genetic maps the equivalent of being able to zoom in on a map from the United States down to New York State, but not much further.
But the genetic differences between populations count for much less than the genetic differences within them.
We further investigated the relative contribution of G × T compared with both additive genetic variation and plasticity/canalization. G × T accounted for more variation than (temperature-independent) genetic effects between 18°C and 22°C, but it accounted for much less variation than genetic effects between 12°C and 18°C.
With irradiation from the inside as well as out, it may take much less to cause genetic changes and impair growth and reproduction, even if it's still not enough to kill the species.
Although some environmental exposures influence PON1 activity (Costa et al. 2005), they appear to have much less effect than genetic variation (Jarvik et al. 2002); thus, PON1 levels are relatively stable after they reach adult levels at 6 15 months of age (Cole et al. 2003).
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