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Page and his collaborators set out to test this idea by sequencing the male-specific region of the Y (MSY) in both chimps and humans.
Positive selection might involve the performance of the MSY in spermatogenesis.
Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid resulting from the metabolism of methionine and a marker of animal protein consumption, has been previously associated with the MSy in some studies [10], but not with the components of the MSy in healthy men [31].
The chimpanzee Y chromosome contains twice as many massive palindromes as the human Y chromosome and these palindromes are distributed over the chimpanzee MSY in a comparatively regular pattern [5].
The MSY of human and gorilla might turn out to be quite similar, being subject mainly to negative selection [73], in contrast to positive selection driven by sperm competition reshaping the MSY in the chimpanzee lineage.
The location of the MSY in Figure 2 is likely distorted for this reason and the physical size of LG1 is underestimated.
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Because this amplification process was lineage-dependent, it resulted in different structures and contents of DNA sequences and genes in the MSY regions in different lineages, leading to different sizes of MSYs (and Y chromosomes) in mammals.
As a result, the content of male-beneficial genes in MSY has increased in spite of a 95% loss of the ancestral Y-chr genes due to the absence of recombination.
We found serum calcium to be strongly associated with conventional MSy components, in particular fasting serum glucose and serum triglycerides.
The physical location of the MSY is in the middle of the Y chromosome based on pachytene FISH images [ 30], but the genetic map of the MSY was on the upper half of the MSY, likely due to the lower recombination rate on one arm of the Y chromosome [ 16].
In this study, we present an updated phylogenetic structure for haplogroup E, which is the most represented MSY lineage in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2002), focusing on the E-M35 clade.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com