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We examined both the change in the total number of spikes evoked over the 750 ms of stimulation and, more specifically, the likelihood that a spike occurred within a narrow window (10 ms) following EPSP onset (EPSP-spike coupling).
Muscles were maximally stimulated (4 V, 200 Hz) for 150 ms at fixed length to achieve maximal isometric tension, immediately followed by 200 ms of stimulation during the application of a length change ranging from 0 to 45% beyond Lo.
The firing patterns observed start within 100 ms of stimulation, i.e. during early responses to SPES.
This calculation differs from a previous study that analyzed dynamic firing during the first 200 ms of stimulation, including the ramp phase and the period of rapid adaptation (Wellnitz et al., 2010).
More recently, the use of high-pressure freezing, simultaneous to synapse stimulation, has revealed how the vesicles fuse and collapse into the pre-synaptic membrane within 30 ms of stimulation (Watanabe et al., 2013).
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Stimulation paradigms included a stimulation frequency of 50 Hz, pulse width of 0.5 ms, duration of stimulation train between 3 and 5 s and stimulation intensities of 1.5 14 mA.
To determine significant laser entrainment, a shuffling procedure was applied to spikes during individual laser cycles (20 ms of laser stimulation followed by 30 ms of no laser stimulation).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08764.013 Indeed, mature neurons show a time locked response to afferent stimulation, since the majority of mature cells is activated after 3 ms of the stimulation of the mPP and all neurons tend to spike around the time of the population spike (pop spike).
Most currents occurred within 500 ms of the stimulation.
The LFP underwent a negative-going deflection for the first 100 ms of laser stimulation, and spike rates significantly decreased.
Dopamine neurons show induction of NMDA receptor dependent LTP when a short postsynaptic burst occurs after at least 500 ms of presynaptic stimulation [ 81]].
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