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Due to the complexity of microphysical processes, various MP schemes have been developed based on different treatments of the number and size distributions of hydrometeor species.
The selected methods lean on four different reconstruction techniques based on recently improved versions of the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes, monotonicity preserving (MP) schemes as well as slope-limited polynomial reconstruction.
Among the three MP schemes used in this study, the MORR scheme treats the snow and graupel hydrometeors as 2M species, as WRF-MORR predicts the mixing ratio and number concentration of graupel and snow.
It has been recognized that different MP schemes can significantly influence the structure and evolution of an MCS in numerical simulations (e.g., Van Weverberg et al. 2013; Adams-Selin et al. 2013).
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By implementing the concept of robust and optimistic optimizations, a mathematical programming (MP) scheme is proposed to explicitly capture the upper and lower bounds of the collapse load limit at each α-sublevel.
The results suggest that 2M representations of ice hydrometeors in Morrison MP scheme help the WRF model to reproduce a better forecast of MCS but does not seem to produce the realistic ice properties.
Many of these schemes are examples of the bulk MP scheme, which assumes that hydrometeor size distributions follow specific functional forms for either single-moment (1M hereafter) or multiple-moment representations (e.g., Milbrandt and Yau 2005a, b; Morrison et al. 2009).
The watchdog is, however, investigating allegations that Miss Dorries wrongly sub-let her taxpayer-funded home and that she "may have been paid an amount under the MPs' Scheme of Business Costs and Expenses that should not have been allowed".
A spokesperson for IPSA said: "An MP may owe an amount to Ipsa for many different reasons, and the fact that an amount is owed does not, in itself, indicate any misuse of the MPs' Scheme of Business Costs and Expenses".
In a statement posted on its website on Friday the watchdog said: "The compliance officer for the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority has reason to believe that Ms Nadine Dorries MP may have been paid an amount under the MPs' scheme of business costs and expenses that should not have been allowed".
In a statement, it said: "Following receipt of a complaint from a member of the public, the compliance officer for the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority has today opened an investigation into claims made under the MPs' scheme of business costs and expenses by Simon Danczuk MP. "The expenditure under investigation relates to accommodation expenditure claimed under the scheme".
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