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Here, we define grassland potential productivity as the annual maximum production of forage from mown grassland (Y pot, kg of DM per hectare of mown grasslands).
Under these assumptions, the optimal instantaneous animal stocking rate, S opt, the optimal proportion of grazed vs. mown grasslands, F opt (within [0,1]), and thus an optimal livestock density, D opt (LU per hectare of total grassland) are calculated for each grid cell using the optimization algorithm of Vuichard et al. [39].
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Grazing was recorded in some exurban grasslands and mowing in some urban grassland fragments.
The objectives of the present greenhouse experiment were to quantify the effects of earthworms on grass legume competition in model grassland systems at two harvesting dates – simulating the widespread biannual mowing regime in Central European grasslands.
We sampled 51 low-contrast edges where forests were adjacent to habitats showing low levels of disturbance (i.e. grey dunes, mowed fire-breaks, orchards, grasslands) and 29 high-contrast edges where forests were adjacent to more intensively disturbed habitats (i.e. tilled firebreaks, oilseed rape) in three regions of France.
Our study demonstrates that simple alterations to a common AES grassland mowing regime can enhance populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests.
We investigated whether alterations to current AES grassland mowing regimes would increase the abundance and species richness of wild bees and hoverflies.
Primary crop and forestry harvest was available in the national statistics, while harvest on grassland (mowing or grazing by ruminant livestock) was modeled through a grazing gap approach (Krausmann et al., 2008, 2013 ; refer to Section 2.2 ).
Grassland sampling sites comprised 3 fertilized intensely managed grasslands (FUG1-3), 3 fertilized mown pastures grazed by horse and cattle (FMG1-3), and 3 unfertilized pastures grazed by sheep (UPG1-3) (Table S1).
This problem is particularly pertinent in grasslands where many different mowing and grazing dates are required to protect the variety of species breeding in the grassland at different times.
The popularity of Lolium species as a forage crop means that it is widely sown in agricultural grasslands25, although most agricultural grasslands are managed by grazing, silage cutting or mowing, which prevents the growth of flowering heads25.
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